Culmen
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<birdfyi-glossary slug="culmen"></birdfyi-glossary>परिभाषा
The dorsal ridge of the upper mandible, measured from the bill tip to the feather base for identification.
विस्तृत व्याख्या
Culmen length — measured with calipers from the bill tip to the feathering at the base — is one of the four standard biometric measurements taken during banding (alongside tarsus, wing chord, and body mass). It varies reliably within species while differing meaningfully between them. Bill curvature along the culmen reflects feeding ecology: straight in most insectivores, decurved in sunbirds and curlews, recurved in avocets.